rankhammer/bedrock

A modern WordPress stack

Monday, June 15, 2015
by rankhammer
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The README.md

Bedrock

Bedrock is a modern WordPress stack that helps you get started with the best development tools and project structure., _(*1)

Dependency management with Composer
Automated deployments with Capistrano
Better folder structure
Easy WordPress configuration with environment specific files
Environment variables with Dotenv
Easy server environments with Vagrant and Ansible - bedrock-ansible on GitHub
Autoloader for mu-plugins (let's you use regular plugins as mu-plugins)

Bedrock is meant as a base for you to fork and modify to fit your needs. It is delete-key friendly and you can strip out or modify any part of it. You'll also want to customize Bedrock with settings specific to your sites/company., _(*4)

Much of the philosphy behind Bedrock is inspired by the Twelve-Factor App methodology including the WordPress specific version., _(*5)

Note: While this is a project from the guys behind the Roots starter theme, Bedrock isn't tied to Roots in any way and works with any theme., _(*6)

Requirements

Git
PHP >= 5.4
Ruby >= 1.9 (for Capistrano)

If you aren't interested in using a part, then you don't need its requirements either. Not deploying with Capistrano? Then don't worry about Ruby for example., _(*7)

Installation/Usage

See Documentation for more details on the steps below., _(*8)

Using `create-project`

Composer's create-project command will automatically install the Bedrock project to a directory and run composer install., _(*9)

The post-install script will automatically copy .env.example to .env and you'll be prompted about generating salt keys and appending them to your .env file., _(*10)

Note: To generate salts without a prompt, run create-project with -n (non-interactive). You can also change the generate-salts setting in composer.json under config in your own fork. The default is true., _(*11)

To skip the scripts completely, create-project can be run with --no-scripts to disable it., _(*12)

Run composer create-project roots/bedrock <path> (path being the folder to install to)
Edit .env and update environment variables:
- DB_NAME - Database name
- DB_USER - Database user
- DB_PASSWORD - Database password
- DB_HOST - Database host (defaults to localhost)
- WP_ENV - Set to environment (development, staging, production, etc)
- WP_HOME - Full URL to WordPress home (http://example.com)
- WP_SITEURL - Full URL to WordPress including subdirectory (http://example.com/wp)
Add theme(s)
Set your Nginx or Apache vhost to /path/to/site/web/ (/path/to/site/current/web/ if using Capistrano)
Access WP Admin at http://example.com/wp/wp-admin

Manually

Clone/Fork repo
Run composer install
Copy .env.example to .env and update environment variables:
- DB_NAME - Database name
- DB_USER - Database user
- DB_PASSWORD - Database password
- DB_HOST - Database host (defaults to localhost)
- WP_ENV - Set to environment (development, staging, production, etc)
- WP_HOME - Full URL to WordPress home (http://example.com)
- WP_SITEURL - Full URL to WordPress including subdirectory (http://example.com/wp)
Add theme(s)
Set your Nginx or Apache vhost to /path/to/site/web/ (/path/to/site/current/web/ if using Capistrano)
Access WP Admin at http://example.com/wp/wp-admin

Using Capistrano for deploys?, _(*13)

Deploying with Capistrano

Required Gems:, _(*14)

capistrano (> 3.1.0)
capistrano-composer

These can be installed manually with gem install <gem name> but it's highly suggested you use Bundler to manage them. Bundler is basically the Ruby equivalent to PHP's Composer. Just as Composer manages your PHP packages/dependencies, Bundler manages your Ruby gems/dependencies. Bundler itself is a Gem and can be installed via gem install bundler (sudo may be required)., _(*15)

The Gemfile in the root of this repo specifies the required Gems (just like composer.json). Once you have Bundler installed, run bundle install to install the Gems in the Gemfile. When using Bundler, you'll need to prefix the cap command with bundle exec as seen below (this ensures you're not using system Gems which can cause conflicts)., _(*16)

See http://capistranorb.com/documentation/getting-started/authentication-and-authorisation/ for the best way to set up SSH key authentication to your servers for password-less (and secure) deploys., _(*17)

Deployment Steps

Edit your config/deploy/ stage/environment configs to set the roles/servers and connection options.
Before your first deploy, run bundle exec cap <stage> deploy:check to create the necessary folders/symlinks.
Add your .env file to shared/ in your deploy_to path on the remote server for all the stages you use (ex: /srv/www/example.com/shared/.env)
Run the normal deploy command: bundle exec cap <stage> deploy
Enjoy one-command deploys!

Edit stage/environment configs in config/deploy/ to set the roles/servers and connection options.

Documentation

Folder Structure

├── Capfile
├── composer.json
├── config
│   ├── application.php
│   ├── deploy
│   │   ├── staging.rb
│   │   └── production.rb
│   ├── deploy.rb
│   └── environments
│       ├── development.php
│       ├── staging.php
│       └── production.php
├── Gemfile
├── vendor
└── web
    ├── app
    │   ├── mu-plugins
    │   ├── plugins
    │   └── themes
    ├── wp-config.php
    ├── index.php
    └── wp

The organization of Bedrock is similar to putting WordPress in its own subdirectory but with some improvements., _(*18)

In order not to expose sensitive files in the webroot, Bedrock moves what's required into a web/ directory including the vendor'd wp/ source, and the wp-content source.
wp-content (or maybe just content) has been named app to better reflect its contents. It contains application code and not just "static content". It also matches up with other frameworks such as Symfony and Rails.
wp-config.php remains in the web/ because it's required by WP, but it only acts as a loader. The actual configuration files have been moved to config/ for better separation.
Capistrano configs are also located in config/ to make it consistent.
vendor/ is where the Composer managed dependencies are installed to.
wp/ is where the WordPress core lives. It's also managed by Composer but can't be put under vendor due to WP limitations.

Configuration Files

The root web/wp-config.php is required by WordPress and is only used to load the other main configs. Nothing else should be added to it., _(*19)

config/application.php is the main config file that contains what wp-config.php usually would. Base options should be set in there., _(*20)

For environment specific configuration, use the files under config/environments. By default there's is development, staging, and production but these can be whatever you require., _(*21)

The environment configs are required before the main application config so anything in an environment config takes precedence over application., _(*22)

Note: You can't re-define constants in PHP. So if you have a base setting in application.php and want to override it in production.php for example, you have a few options:, _(*23)

Remove the base option and be sure to define it in every environment it's needed
Only define the constant in application.php if it isn't already defined.

Don't want it?

You will lose the ability to define environment specific settings., _(*24)

Move all configuration into wp-config.php
Manually deal with environment specific options
Remove config directory

Environment Variables

Bedrock tries to separate config from code as much as possible and environment variables are used to achieve this. The benefit is there's a single place (.env) to keep settings like database or other 3rd party credentials that isn't committed to your repository., _(*25)

PHP dotenv is used to load the .env file. All variables are then available in your app by getenv, $_SERVER, or $_ENV., _(*26)

Currently, the following env vars are required:, _(*27)

DB_USER
DB_NAME
DB_PASSWORD
WP_HOME
WP_SITEURL

Don't want it?

You will lose the separation between config and code and potentially put secure credentials at risk., _(*28)

Remove dotenv from composer.json requires
Remove .env.example file from root
Remove require_once('vendor/autoload.php'); from wp-config.php
Replace all getenv calls with whatever method you want to set those values

Composer

Composer is used to manage dependencies. Bedrock considers any 3rd party library as a dependency including WordPress itself and any plugins., _(*29)

See these two blogs for more extensive documentation:, _(*30)

Screencast ($): Using Composer With WordPress, _(*31)

Plugins

WordPress Packagist is already registered in the composer.json file so any plugins from the WordPress Plugin Directory can easily be required., _(*32)

To add a plugin, add it under the require directive or use composer require <namespace>/<packagename> from the command line. If it's from WordPress Packagist then the namespace is always wpackagist-plugin., _(*33)

Example: "wpackagist-plugin/akismet": "dev-trunk", _(*34)

Whenever you add a new plugin or update the WP version, run composer update to install your new packages., _(*35)

plugins, and mu-plugins are Git ignored by default since Composer manages them. If you want to add something to those folders that isn't managed by Composer, you need to update .gitignore to whitelist them:, _(*36)

!web/app/plugins/plugin-name, _(*37)

Note: Some plugins may create files or folders outside of their given scope, or even make modifications to wp-config.php and other files in the app directory. These files should be added to your .gitignore file as they are managed by the plugins themselves, which are managed via Composer. Any modifications to wp-config.php that are needed should be moved into config/application.php., _(*38)

Updating WP and plugin versions

Updating your WordPress version (or any plugin) is just a matter of changing the version number in the composer.json file., _(*39)

Then running composer update will pull down the new version., _(*40)

Themes

Themes can also be managed by Composer but should only be done so under two conditions:, _(*41)

You're using a parent theme that won't be modified at all
You want to separate out your main theme and use that as a standalone package

Under most circumstances we recommend NOT doing #2 and instead keeping your main theme as part of your app's repository., _(*42)

Just like plugins, WPackagist maintains a Composer mirror of the WP theme directory. To require a theme, just use the wpackagist-theme namespace., _(*43)

Don't want it?

Composer integration is the biggest part of Bedrock, so if you were going to remove it there isn't much point in using Bedrock., _(*44)

Capistrano

Capistrano is a remote server automation and deployment tool. It will let you deploy or rollback your application in one command:, _(*45)

Deploy: cap production deploy
Rollback: cap production deploy:rollback

Composer support is built-in so when you run a deploy, composer install is automatically run. Capistrano has a great deploy flow that you can hook into and extend it., _(*46)

It's written in Ruby so it's needed locally if you want to use it. Capistrano was recently rewritten to be completely language agnostic, so if you previously wrote it off for being too Rails-centric, take another look at it., _(*47)

Screencast ($): Deploying WordPress with Capistrano, _(*48)

DB Syncing

Bedrock doesn't come with anything by default to do DB syncing yet. The best option is to use WP-CLI., _(*49)

@lavmeiker has a nice Capistrano WP-CLI wrapper plugin to make this even easier. capistrano-wpcli offers the following commands (and more):, _(*50)

Sync DB: cap production wpcli:db:push and cap production wpcli:db:pull
Sync uploads: cap production wpcli:uploads:rsync:push and cap production wpcli:uploads:rsync:pull

Don't want it?

You will lose the one-command deploys and built-in integration with Composer. Another deploy method will be needed as well., _(*51)

Remove Capfile, Gemfile, and Gemfile.lock
Remove config/deploy.rb
Remove config/deploy/ directory

wp-cron

Bedrock disables the internal WP Cron via define('DISABLE_WP_CRON', true);. If you keep this setting, you'll need to manually set a cron job like the following in your crontab file:, _(*52)

*/5 * * * * curl http://example.com/wp/wp-cron.php, _(*53)

WP-CLI

Bedrock works with WP-CLI just like any other WordPress project would. Previously we required WP-CLI in our composer.json file as a dependency. This has been removed since WP-CLI now recommends installing it globally with a phar file. It also caused conflicts if you tried using a global install., _(*54)

The wp command will automatically pick up Bedrock's subdirectory install as long as you run commands from within the project's directory (or deeper). Bedrock includes a wp-cli.yml file that sets the path option to web/wp. Use this config file for any further configuration., _(*55)

Vagrant/Ansible

Vagrant and Ansible integration with Bedrock can now be found in the separate bedrock-ansible project. Basic instructions exist in that project's README, but if you want a Vagrant box tied to a specific Bedrock based WP application, copy the example Vagrantfile into your app's repo and edit the necessary file paths., _(*56)

Note that using Ansible you no longer need to manually create/edit a .env file (or use composer create-project to generate one). Ansible will generate a .env based on its config and automatically generate salts/keys., _(*57)

mu-plugins autoloader

Bedrock includes an autoloader that enables standard plugins to be required just like must-use plugins. The autoloaded plugins are included after all mu-plugins and standard plugins have been loaded. An asterisk (*) next to the name of the plugin designates the plugins that have been autoloaded. To remove this functionality, just delete web/app/mu-plugins/bedrock-autoloader.php., _(*58)

This enables the use of mu-plugins through Composer if their package type is wordpress-muplugin. You can also override a plugin's type like the following example:, _(*59)

"installer-paths": {
  "web/app/mu-plugins/{$name}/": ["type:wordpress-muplugin", "roots/soil"],
  "web/app/plugins/{$name}/": ["type:wordpress-plugin"],
  "web/app/themes/{$name}/": ["type:wordpress-theme"]
},

Soil is a package with its type set to wordpress-plugin. Since it implements composer/installers we can override its type., _(*60)