OpenTracing API for PHP
, (*1)
PHP library for the OpenTracing's API., (*2)
Required Reading
In order to understand the library, one must first be familiar with the
OpenTracing project and
specification more specifically., (*3)
Installation
OpenTracing-PHP can be installed via Composer:, (*4)
composer require opentracing/opentracing
Usage
When consuming this library one really only need to worry about a couple of key
abstractions: the Tracer::startActiveSpan and Tracer::startSpan method,
the Span interface, the Scope interface and binding a Tracer at bootstrap time. Here are code snippets
demonstrating some important use cases:, (*5)
Singleton initialization
The simplest starting point is to set the global tracer. As early as possible, do:, (*6)
use OpenTracing\GlobalTracer;
GlobalTracer::set(new MyTracerImplementation());
Creating a Span given an existing Request
To start a new Span, you can use the startSpan method., (*7)
use OpenTracing\Formats;
use OpenTracing\GlobalTracer;
...
// extract the span context
$spanContext = GlobalTracer::get()->extract(
Formats\HTTP_HEADERS,
getallheaders()
);
function doSomething() {
...
// start a new span called 'my_span' and make it a child of the $spanContext
$span = GlobalTracer::get()->startSpan('my_span', ['child_of' => $spanContext]);
...
// add some logs to the span
$span->log([
'event' => 'soft error',
'type' => 'cache timeout',
'waiter.millis' => 1500,
])
// finish the the span
$span->finish();
}
Starting a new trace by creating a "root span"
It's always possible to create a "root" Span with no parent or other causal reference., (*8)
$span = $tracer->startSpan('my_first_span');
...
$span->finish();
Active Spans and Scope Manager
For most use cases, it is recommended that you use the Tracer::startActiveSpan function for
creating new spans., (*9)
An example of a linear, two level deep span tree using active spans looks like
this in PHP code:, (*10)
// At dispatcher level
$scope = $tracer->startActiveSpan('request');
...
$scope->close();
```php
// At controller level
$scope = $tracer->startActiveSpan('controller');
...
$scope->close();, (*11)
```php
// At RPC calls level
$scope = $tracer->startActiveSpan('http');
file_get_contents('http://php.net');
$scope->close();
When using the Tracer::startActiveSpan function the underlying tracer uses an
abstraction called scope manager to keep track of the currently active span., (*12)
Starting an active span will always use the currently active span as a parent.
If no parent is available, then the newly created span is considered to be the
root span of the trace., (*13)
Unless you are using asynchronous code that tracks multiple spans at the same
time, such as when using cURL Multi Exec or MySQLi Polling it is recommended that you
use Tracer::startActiveSpan everywhere in your application., (*14)
The currently active span gets automatically finished when you call $scope->close()
as you can see in the previous examples., (*15)
If you don't want a span to automatically close when $scope->close() is called
then you must specify 'finish_span_on_close'=> false, in the $options
argument of startActiveSpan., (*16)
Creating a child span assigning parent manually
$parent = GlobalTracer::get()->startSpan('parent');
$child = GlobalTracer::get()->startSpan('child', [
'child_of' => $parent
]);
...
$child->finish();
...
$parent->finish();
Creating a child span using automatic active span management
Every new span will take the active span as parent and it will take its spot., (*17)
$parent = GlobalTracer::get()->startActiveSpan('parent');
...
/*
* Since the parent span has been created by using startActiveSpan we don't need
* to pass a reference for this child span
*/
$child = GlobalTracer::get()->startActiveSpan('my_second_span');
...
$child->close();
...
$parent->close();
Serializing to the wire
use GuzzleHttp\Client;
use OpenTracing\Formats;
...
$tracer = GlobalTracer::get();
$spanContext = $tracer->extract(
Formats\HTTP_HEADERS,
getallheaders()
);
try {
$span = $tracer->startSpan('my_span', ['child_of' => $spanContext]);
$client = new Client;
$headers = [];
$tracer->inject(
$span->getContext(),
Formats\HTTP_HEADERS,
$headers
);
$request = new \GuzzleHttp\Psr7\Request('GET', 'http://myservice', $headers);
$client->send($request);
...
} catch (\Exception $e) {
...
}
...
Deserializing from the wire
When using http header for context propagation you can use either the Request or the $_SERVER
variable:, (*18)
use OpenTracing\GlobalTracer;
use OpenTracing\Formats;
$tracer = GlobalTracer::get();
$spanContext = $tracer->extract(Formats\HTTP_HEADERS, getallheaders());
$tracer->startSpan('my_span', [
'child_of' => $spanContext,
]);
Flushing Spans
PHP as a request scoped language has no simple means to pass the collected spans
data to a background process without blocking the main request thread/process.
The OpenTracing API makes no assumptions about this, but for PHP that might
cause problems for Tracer implementations. This is why the PHP API contains a
flush method that allows to trigger a span sending out of process., (*19)
use OpenTracing\GlobalTracer;
$application->run();
register_shutdown_function(function() {
/* Flush the tracer to the backend */
$tracer = GlobalTracer::get();
$tracer->flush();
});
This is optional, tracers can decide to immediately send finished spans to a
backend. The flush call can be implemented as a NO-OP for these tracers., (*20)
Using StartSpanOptions
Passing options to the pass can be done using either an array or the
SpanOptions wrapper object. The following keys are valid:, (*21)
-
start_time is a float, int or \DateTime representing a timestamp with arbitrary precision.
-
child_of is an object of type OpenTracing\SpanContext or OpenTracing\Span.
-
references is an array of OpenTracing\Reference.
-
tags is an array with string keys and scalar values that represent OpenTracing tags.
-
finish_span_on_close is a boolean that determines whether a span should be finished or not when the
scope is closed.
$span = $tracer->startActiveSpan('my_span', [
'child_of' => $spanContext,
'tags' => ['foo' => 'bar'],
'start_time' => time(),
]);
The propagation formats should be implemented consistently across all tracers.
If you want to implement your own format, then don't reuse the existing constants.
Tracers will throw an exception if the requested format is not handled by them., (*22)
-
Tracer::FORMAT_TEXT_MAP should represent the span context as a key value map. There is no
assumption about the semantics where the context is coming from and sent to., (*23)
-
Tracer::FORMAT_HTTP_HEADERS should represent the span context as HTTP header lines
in an array list. For two context details "Span-Id" and "Trace-Id", the
result would be ['Span-Id: abc123', 'Trace-Id: def456']. This definition can be
passed directly to curl and file_get_contents., (*24)
-
Tracer::FORMAT_BINARY makes no assumptions about the data format other than it is
proprietary and each Tracer can handle it as it wants., (*25)
Mock implementation
OpenTracing PHP comes with a mock implementation, it has three purposes:, (*26)
- Helps to iron the API.
- Works as a reference implementation.
- Enhances vendor agnostic unit testing as it allows developers to inspect the tracing objects
in order to do assertions about them.
Coding Style
OpenTracing PHP follows the PSR-2
coding standard and the PSR-4 autoloading standard., (*27)
License
All the open source contributions are under the terms of the Apache-2.0 License., (*28)
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